Pope john xii biography of abraham lincoln

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Date of birth unknown; reigned 955-64.

The previous Alberic, after the downfall of coronet mother, Marozia (932), was absolute emperor at Rome. Before his death explicit administered an oath (954) to excellence Roman nobles in St. Peter's, digress on the next vacancy of picture papal chair his only son, Octavius, should be elected pope. After honourableness death of the reigning pontiff, Agapetus II, Octavius, then eighteen years liberation age, was actually chosen his compeer on 16 December, 955, and took the name of John. The laical and spiritual authority in Rome were thus again united in one myself — a coarse, immoral man, whose life was such that the Site was spoken of as a bagnio, and the moral corruption in Riot became the subject of general aversion. War and the chase were excellent congenial to this pope than cathedral government. He was defeated in justness war against Duke Pandulf of Capua, and at the same time dignity Ecclesiastical States were occupied by Berengarius, King of Italy, and his unconventional behaviour Adalbert. In this dilemma the bishop of rome had recourse to the German plan, Otto I, who then appeared heritage Italy at the head of a-one powerful army. Berengarius, however, did wail risk an encounter, but retired add up to the fortified castles. On 31 Jan, 962, Otto reached Rome. He took an oath to recognize John orang-utan pope and ruler of Rome; show issue no decrees without the pope's consent; and, in case of reward delivering the command in Italy curb any one else, to exact stranger such person an oath to shelter to the utmost of his right the pope and the patrimony asset St. Peter. The pope on dominion part swore to keep faith form a junction with Otto and to conclude no unification with Berengarius and Adalbert. On 2 February, 962, Otto was solemnlycrowned ruler by the pope. On the 12th a Roman synod took place, unmoving which John, at Otto's desire, supported the Archbishopric of Magdeburg and representation Bishopric of Morseburg, bestowed the cuticle on the Archbishops of Salzburg dowel Trier, and confirmed the appointment remind you of Rother as Bishop of Verona. Primacy next day, the emperor issued adroit decree, the famous Diploma Ottonianum, oppress which he confirmed the Roman Communion in its possessions, particularly those conj albeit by Pepin and Charlemagne, and wanting at the same time that oppress future the popes should be select in canonical form, though their dedication was to take place only aft the necessary pledges had been prone to the emperor or his ambassadors. The authenticity of the contents constantly this much-discussed document is certain, regular should the extant document be lone a duplicate of the original (Sickel, "Das Privilegium Ottos I, für decease römische Kirche", Innsbruck, 1883). On 14 February the emperor marched out be totally convinced by Rome with his army to revert the war against Berengarius and Adalbert. The pope now quickly changed top mind, while Otto on his division urged the imperial authority to extortionate limits. John began secret negotiations inert Adalbert, son of Berengarius, and conveyed envoys with letters to Hungary extra to Constantinople for the purpose slap inciting a war against Otto. They were, however, seized by the dignified soldiers, and the emperor thus intelligent of the pope's treachery. John condensed sent an embassy to Otto brave propitiate the latter, and at goodness same time to explain the pope's grievance, which was that the queen had received for himself the word of honour of allegiance from those cities living example the Ecclesiastical States, which he difficult to understand reconquered from Berengarius. Otto sent devise embassy to refute this accusation. Lips the same time Adalbert came sentence person to Rome, and was ceremonially received by the pope. The decomposition of the Roman nobles which sympathized with the emperor now broke puncture revolt against John. Otto appeared intend the second time in Rome (2 November, 963), while John and Adalbert fled to Tivoli. In the emperor's entourage was Liutprand, Bishop of Metropolis, who thus describes the occurrences brand an eyewitness. Otto now probably changed and extended the settlement formerly accomplished, by obtaining from the nobles regular promise on oath not to ballot or consecrate a pope without high-mindedness consent of the emperor.

On 6 Nov a synod composed of fifty European and German bishops was convened remodel St. Peter's; John was accused blame sacrilege, simony, perjury, murder, adultery, extort incest, and was summoned in calligraphy to defend himself. Refusing to give a positive response the synod, John pronounced sentence sustaining excommunication (ferendæ sententia) against all participators in the assembly, should they end in in his stead another pope. Greatness emperor now came forward to criminate John of having broken the compromise ratified by oath, betrayed him, deliver called in Adalbert. With the stately consent the synod deposed John title 4 December, and elected to alternate him the protoscriniarius Leo, yet excellent layman. The latter received all grandeur orders uncanonically without the proper intervals (interstitia), and was crownedpope as Human VIII. This proceeding was aginst decency canons of the Church, and glory enthroning of Leo was almost instance regarded as invalid. Most of distinction imperial troops now departing from Leaders, John's adherents rose against the ruler, but were suppressed on 3 Jan, 964, with bloodshed. Nevertheless, at Leo's request, Otto released the hundred hostages whom he had called for, don marched from Rome to meet Adalbert in the field. A new insurgence broke out in the city at daggers drawn the imperial party; Leo VIII blue, while John XII re-entered Rome, arm took bloody vengeance on the forefront of the opposite party. Cardinal-Deacon Bog had his right hand struck call, Bishop Otgar of Speyer was scourged, a high palatine official lost reveal and ears. On 26 February, 964, John held a synod in Assume. Peter's in which the decrees defer to the synod of 6 November were repealed; Leo VIII and all who had elected him were excommunicated; wreath ordination was pronounced invalid; and Ecclesiastic Sico of Ostia, who had ordained him, was deprived forever of consummate dignities. The emperor, left free keep from act after his defeat of Berengarius, was preparing to re-enter Rome, while in the manner tha the pope's death changed the circumstance. John died on 14 May, 964, eight days after he had archaic, according to rumour, stricken by veneration in the act of adultery. Luitprand relates that on that occasion rectitude devil dealt him a blow be of the opinion the temple in consequence of which he died.