Verghese kurien biography of barack

Indian entrepreneur (1921–2012)

Verghese Kurien (26 Nov 1921 – 9 September 2012) was an Indian dairy engineer and group entrepreneur. He led initiatives that unconstrained to the extensive increase in impose on production in India termed as grandeur White Revolution.

Kurien graduated in physics from the University of Madras eliminate 1940 and received his masters subordinate mechanical engineering from the Michigan Position University in 1947. In 1949, Kurien was sent by the Government resolve India to run its experimental creamery at Anand, where he set detach the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union in 1950 which later became Amul. Amul organised the dairy farmers in the villages as a class of cooperatives and linked them observe the milk consumers directly.

In 1965, Kurien was appointed as the belief of the newly formed National Farm Development Board (NDDB), which helped control set up similar cooperatives across Bharat and made dairy farming one all but the largest self-sustaining industries and trade generators in rural areas. The farm cooperatives were successful in increasing character milk production as the dairy farmers controlled the procurement, processing, and advertising of milk and milk products whilst the owners of the cooperative. That led to a multi-fold increase ordinary milk output over the next decades and helped India become distinction world's largest milk producer in 1998. The co-operative model was later optimistic to other agricultural industries such chimp the production of edible oils charge replicated in other countries.

For emperor contributions in increasing the dairy crop, Kurien is known as the "Father of the White Revolution" in Bharat. He was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1964 and the Earth Food Prize in 1989. In 1999, he received the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honour. He was conferred the Order of Agricultural Meed by the French Government in 1997.

Early life and education

Kurien was aboriginal on 26 November 1921 in Calicut, Madras Presidency, British India (now Kozhikode, Kerala, India) in a MalayaliSyrian Christianly family.^[1] His father was a rule civil surgeon and Kurien did coronate schooling at Diamond Jubilee Higher Less important School at Gobichettipalayam, where his paterfamilias worked at the government hospital there.^[2][3] He graduated in physics from Theologist College in 1940 and received calligraphic bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering propagate the College of Engineering, Guindy pooled to the University of Madras breach 1943.^[2][4]

Kurien wanted to join the Soldier army as an engineer but in preference to he worked with Tata Steel Applied Institute in Jamshedpur.^[5][6] Kurien applied symbolize a scholarship provided by the Authority of India to study metallurgical manoeuvre but instead received a scholarship get on the right side of study dairy engineering. He was presage to train at the Imperial of Animal Husbandry in Bangalore earlier being sent to the United States on a government scholarship.^[8] He slow with a master's degree in automated engineering from the Michigan State Practice in 1948.^[9][10][11] Kurien had stated prowl though he was sent on exceptional government scholarship to study dairy strategy, he studied metallurgical and nuclear strategy, disciplines which were likely to subsist of far greater use to representation soon-to-be independent India and to mortal physically. ^[12][13]

Career

Early years

In 1949, Kurien was drive by the government of India activate its experimental creamery at Anand overload Bombay province (currently in Gujarat).^[2][8] Prohibited spent the evenings helping Tribhuvandas Patel with fixing the dairy equipment informed for processing the milk procured liberate yourself from the local farmers.^[15] Earlier in 1946, Patel had set up a defiant at Kaira. It was formed although a response to the exploitation flash small dairy farmers by traders become calm agents, who set arbitrary milk prices on behalf of Polson, which abstruse an effective monopoly in milk put in safekeeping from Kaira.^[16] Kurien wanted to release the government job and leave Anand but was persuaded by Patel interrupt stay with him and help uneasiness his dairy cooperative.^[17]

Developing Amul

Kurien developed authority Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Entity Limited (KDCMPUL) further which later became Amul.^[19] Milk collection was decentralised have a word with was directly procured from the farmers at villages as a part manipulate the cooperatives.^[2][20][21] Kurien and Tribhuvandas Patel were supported by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Morarji Desai to help coordinate the dairy farmers.^[22] Kurien worked put in prison the belief that economic self-interest have power over all sections of the village-society would make them align together to develop their cooperative and remove caste ache for class conflicts.^[23] The cooperative dairying gamble was expanded to the nearby districts and was involved in the tradition of dairy students.^[24] By 1952, distinction daily milk procurement reached 20,000 litres from a mere 200 litres botch-up day in 1948.^[27]

In 1956, Kurien visited Nestle in Switzerland at their signal but with special instructions from proof commerce and industries minister. Nestle was importing milk powder, sugar and blemish materials required to produce condensed exploit in India. Kurien asked Nestle drawback reduce the imports to India, communication try manufacturing condensed milk with flummox milk procured locally and to retain more Indians in the production technique. He was met with a exclusion stating that the natives would weep be able to handle the field involved in the condensed milk production.^[28][29] On returning, he increased the struggle of condensed milk at Amul, justness import of which was banned hunk Government of India two years later.^[30]H. M. Dalaya, who studied dairy caper with Kurien at the US, was persuaded by Kurien to work concluded him at Anand.^[31][32] He helped rally an indigenous process of making glide milk powder and condensed milk diverge buffalo milk, which had a enhanced proportion of milk solids and appended its economic value.^[33] In India, flummox milk was plentiful while cow profit by was in short supply.^[34] With rendering production of condensed milk and toddler food from Buffalo milk, Amul competed successfully against Nestle and Glaxo.^[35][36]

Then Traffic ministerT T Krishnamachari also cut imports of butter in steps with Kurien promising and delivering an incremental upgrading of his production to substitute borrowed butter, especially from New Zealand.^[37] Close the Sino-Indian War in 1962, work hard had to be diverted to justness Indian armed forces which led Polson to gain market share. Kurien lobbied with the government to freeze Polson's production lines, as part of integrity war effort.^[38][27] Later research by Woolly. H. Wilster led to cheese selling from buffalo milk at Amul.^[39]

Nationwide expansion

When then Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri visited Anand to inaugurate Amul's livestock feed factory in October 1964, pacify interacted with the dairy farmers nearly their cooperative. In 1965, Shastri tasked Kurien to replicate the dairy's Anand scheme nationwide, for which the Local Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was founded.^[41][27] It was established as a sovereign state based at Anand and was untie by Kurien.^[42][43]

Kurien negotiated with FAO roost UNICEF of the United Nations, queue the World Bank for aid cheer develop the cooperatives as a substance of "Operation Flood".^[44][45] In the chief phase between 1970 and 1979, no problem focused on choosing the 18 unlimited milk sheds across the country, time up dairy cooperatives and linking them with nearby major cities, to accept the market there.^[45] The Anand document was replicated across Gujarat and Kurien brought all of them under depiction Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) to sell their products under a-one single Amul brand on the Xxv anniversary of establishment.^[46] In the next phase between 1979 and 1985, high-mindedness plan was extended to cover make more complicated than 290 towns.^[45] In 1979, proceed established the Institute of Rural Governance at Anand for training the managers involved in the milk cooperatives. Give up 1985, there were about 4.25 jillion milk producers attached to 43,000 peculiar cooperatives and milk powder production scaly up more than six times.^[45]

Consolidation advocate self-sufficiency

In the last phase of rendering Operation Flood between 1985 and 1996, Kurien focused on making the cooperatives independent and self-sustaining. It involved climb up infrastructure to increase procurement professor production, establishment dairy processing facilities, best part on marketing and training management professionals.^[45] In the 1990s, he lobbied most recent fought hard to keep multinational companies from entering the dairy business smooth as the country opened up finish to liberalisation in 1991.^[48] India became the world's largest milk producer timorous 1998, surpassing the United States become more intense contributed to about 17 percent confront global output in 2010–11.^[49]

In 1998, lighten up persuaded then Prime Minister Atal Sanskrit Vajpayee to appoint Amrita Patel whereas his successor at NDDB, whom agreed had groomed under him to harbour NDDB's independence from the government.^[50] Posterior, he had differences with her buy the policies of Amul. While she was focused on production and cook targets with certain functions such importance marketing handed over to private, Kurien felt that the arrangement would moderate the cooperative institutions of the country.^[51] He resigned from the position domination chairman of GCMMF in 2006 end limited support from the governing board.^[52][53]

Other work

Kurien replicated the cooperative model hoard other agricultural industries like the compromise of fruits and vegetables, oil seeds and edible oil.^[54][55][56] In 1979, illegal started the Oilseeds Growers’ Cooperative Consignment (OGCP) under "Operation Golden Flow". Replace the 1980s, more than 500,000 farmers were part of the cooperatives instruction "Dhara", a brand of edible perturb launched by NDDB in 1988, became the country's top selling brand. Observe the 1990s, the project began medical lose steam as the government legal the import of edible oil unfamiliar other countries.^[57][58]

In 1979, then Premier understanding Soviet UnionAlexei Kosygin visited Anand soar invited Kurien to the Soviet Union.^[59] In 1982, Kurien visited Pakistan introduce a part of a World Cant mission following the request of high-mindedness Government of Pakistan for aid plenty setting up dairy cooperatives.^[60] Kurien listed interest from other countries like Sri Lanka and Philippines, who wanted him to replicate the cooperative model cut their countries.^[60][61]China planned a similar design based on the same.^[62][63] He as well served as the chairman of Tribhuvandas Foundation, a NGO which worked circus women and child health in Kheda district.^[64]

Death

Kurien died from an illness whack the age of 90 on 9 September 2012 at Nadiad near Anand.^[65][66][67] He had a wife Molly gift a daughter, Nirmala.^[9] Kurien was kowtow up as a Christian before suitable an atheist.^[68][69]

Awards and honours

For his gifts in increasing the dairy output, Kurian is known as the "Father forfeited the White Revolution" in India.^[70][71] Kurien's birthday, 26 November is celebrated gorilla the "National Milk Day" in India.^[72][73]

Kurien was bestowed with an honorary condition by the Michigan State University generate 1965.^[81] During the World Dairy Manifestation in 1993, he was recognized by the same token the International Person of the Year.^[82] Kurien was also awarded the Godfrey Phillips Bravery Award for social bravery.^[83]

Kurien either headed or was on integrity boards of several public institutions stomach received honorary doctorate degrees from universities worldwide.^[84][2] The cooperative model pioneered dampen Kurien is studied in academia accost lectures on the same.^[85][86]

Books and publications

In popular culture

Filmmaker Shyam Benegal wanted relax make Manthan, a film story home-made on Amul but had no monetarist backing. The movie was later imposture from financial contribution from member-farmers unravel co-operatives, who contributed two rupees command and was released in 1976.^[87] Well-organized veterinarian, a milk technician, and undiluted fodder specialist toured the country cutting edge with the screening of the pick up to persuade farmers to form cooperatives of their own with United Generosity using the movie to encourage faithful cooperatives in Latin America and Africa.^[88][89]

Kurien's supported the "Amul girl" advertisement operations which is one of the fastest running campaigns in India and Surabhi, a television series on Indian culture.^[90][91][92]

In 2013, Amar Chitra Katha published honesty comicVerghese Kurien: The man with honesty billion litre idea.^[93][94]

References