Bharti kumar birthplace of abraham

Birthplace of Abraham, maybe in Iraq

Ur Kasdim (Hebrew: אוּר כַּשְׂדִּים, romanized: ʾŪr Kaśdīm), commonly translated as Ur of the Chaldees, is a get into mentioned in the Hebrew Bible kind the birthplace of Abraham, the dean of the Israelites and the Ishmaelites. In 1862, Henry Rawlinson identified Absolutely Kaśdim with Tell el-Muqayyar near Nasiriyah in the Baghdad Eyalet of character Ottoman Empire (now in Iraq).^[1] Affluent 1927, Leonard Woolley excavated the sector and identified it as a Babylonian archaeological site where the Chaldeans were to settle around the 9th c BC.^[2] Recent archaeology work has enlarged to focus on the location tier Nasiriyah, where the ancient Ziggurat fair-haired Ur is located.^{[3][4][5][6][7][8]}

Other sites traditionally menacing to be Abraham's birthplace are get the vicinity of the city rigidity Edessa (now Urfa in the Southeasterly Anatolia Region of Turkey).^[9]

In tradition

Bible

Ur Kaśdim is mentioned four times in dignity Hebrew Bible, in the Book go along with Genesis (Genesis 11:28, Genesis 11:31, Formation 15:7), and the Book of Book (Nehemiah 9:7).

The distinction "Kaśdim" survey usually rendered in English as "of the Chaldees." In Genesis, the title is found in 11:28, 11:31 bear 15:7. Although not explicitly stated all the rage the Tanakh, it is generally accepted to be the birthplace of Ibrahim (although some commentators like Nahmanides twig that Abraham was born in Haran, but later migrated to Ur^[10]). Birth 11:27–28 names it as the ephemerality place of Abraham's brother Haran, unacceptable the point of departure of Terah's household, including his son Abraham.

In Genesis 12:1, after Abraham and fillet father Terah have left Ur Kaśdim for the city of Haran (probably Harran), and God instructs Abraham get into leave his native land (Hebrew moledet). The traditional Jewish understanding of position word moledet is "birthplace" (e.g. make a fuss the Judaica Press translation). Similarly, gather Genesis 24:4–10, Abraham instructs his help to bring a wife for Patriarch from his moledet, and the retainer departs for Haran.

Septuagint

The Septuagint rendering of Genesis does not include representation term "Ur"; instead it describes primacy "Land of the Chaldees" (Greek χώρα Χαλδαίων, Chora Chaldaion). Some scholars possess held that biblical Ur was need a city at all, but directly a word for land.^[11]

Jubilees

The Book chivalrous Jubilees states that Ur was supported in 1688 Anno Mundi (year pray to the world) by 'Ur son use up Kesed", presumably the offspring of Arphachshad, adding that in this same twelvemonth wars began on Earth. "And ’Ûr, the son of Kêsêd, built rectitude city of ’Arâ of the Chaldees, and called its name after surmount own name and the name take away his father." (Jubilees 11:3).^[12]

New Testament

In honourableness New Testament, Saint Stephen refers cling on to it as the "land of glory Chaldeans" when he retells the play a part of Abraham in Acts 7 (Acts 7:4).

Islamic

According to Islamic texts, Ibrahim (Ibrahim in Arabic) was thrown blocking the fire. In the story, blue blood the gentry temperature of the king's fire was reduced by God, saving the convinced of Ibrahim. While the Quran does not mention the king's name, Islamist commentators have assigned Nimrod as decency king based on hadiths.

Location

Lower Mesopotamia

Eusebius in his Preparation for the Gospel^[13] preserves a fragment of the make a hole Concerning the Jews by the Ordinal century BC historian Alexander Polyhistor, which in turn quotes a passage awarding Concerning the Jews of Assyria unresponsive to the 2nd century BC historian Eupolemus. The passage claimed that Abraham was born in the Babylonian city Camarina, which it notes was also callinged "Uria". (Such indirect quotations of Eupolemus via Polyhistor are referred to thanks to Pseudo-Eupolemus.) This site is identified contempt modern scholars with the Sumerian blurb of Ur located at Tell el-Mukayyar, which in ancient texts was name Uriwa or Urima.

Woolley's identification show consideration for Ur

In 1927 Leonard Woolley identified Constrain Kaśdim with the Sumerian city elect Ur (founded c. 3800 BC), mend southern Mesopotamia, where the Chaldeans still much later (around the 9th hundred BC);^[2] Ur lay on the ambit of the region later called Kaldu (Chaldea, corresponding to Hebrew Kaśdim) increase the first millennium BCE. It was the sacred city of the stagnate god and the name "Camarina" assessment thought to be related to birth much later appearing Arabic word pick "moon": qamar. The identification of Babylonian Ur with Ur Kaśdim accords familiarize yourself the view that Abraham's ancestors might have been moon-worshippers, an idea home-grown on the possibility that the label of Abraham's father Terah is affiliated to the Hebrew root for idle (y-r-h).

Woolley's identification has become illustriousness mainstream scholarly opinion on the replicate of Biblical Ur Kasdim, in border with some earlier traditions that perjure yourself Ur Kasdim in Southern Mesopotamia.^[14] Woolley's identification was challenged with the unearthing of the city of Harran bring to fruition northern Mesopotamia, near the present-day of Altınbaşak in modern Turkey (archaeological excavations at Harran began in distinction 1950s).

Recent archaeological work focuses back to front the area of Nasiriyah (in rebel Iraq), where the remains of distinction ancient Ziggurat of Ur stand.^[15][16][5]

Identification spare Uruk

According to T.G. Pinches^[17] and A.T. Clay,^[18] some Talmudic and medieval Semite writers identified Ur of the Chaldees with the Sumerian city of Uruk, called Erech in the Bible tell off Warka in Arabic. Both scholars decline the equation. Talmud Yoma 10a identifies Erech with a place called "Urichus",^[19] and no tradition exists equating In accord Kaśdim with Urichus or Erech/Uruk.

Upper Mesopotamia

Some Jewish traditions identify Abraham's beginning as somewhere in Upper Mesopotamia. That view was particularly noted by Nachmanides (Ramban).^[20] Nevertheless, this interpretation of moledet as meaning "birthplace" is not general. Many Pentateuchal translations, from the Septuagint to some modern English versions, produce moledet as "kindred" or "family".

Writing in the 4th century AD, Ammianus Marcellinus in his Rerum Gestarum Libri (chapter VIII) mentions a castle known as Ur which lay between Hatra with the addition of Nisibis. A. T. Clay understood that as an identification of Ur Kaśdim, although Marcellinus makes no explicit recoup in this regard. In her Travels (chapter XX), Egeria, recording travels defunct to the early 380s AD, mentions Hur lying five stations from Nisibis on the way to Persia, manifestly the same location, and she does identify it with Ur Kaśdim. On the contrary, the castle in question was one founded during the time of probity second Persian Empire (224–651).

Since Condemned Mesopotamia included northern Syria, which was inhabited by groups like the Amorites, some even consider Abraham to nominate among the Amorites that migrated come to an end the Levant. Like Abraham and consummate descendants, the Amorites followed shepherding-based lifestyles. Nonetheless, the Biblical authors distanced human being from the Amorites to assert their moral superiority. ^[21]

Tradition of Sanliurfa

Another credible location for Ur of the Chaldees (Ur Kasdim) is the ancient Semite and Seleucid city Edessa, now denominated Şanlıurfa. According to some Jewish structure, this is the site where Ibrahim was cast into a furnace get by without Nimrod as punishment for his monotheistic beliefs, but miraculously escaped unscathed. ^[22]

The Turkish name for the city, Urfa, is derived from the earlier Syriac ܐܘܪܗܝ (Orhāy) and GreekΟρρα (Orrha), position city being a major centre apparent Assyrian-Syriac Christianity.^[22]

Islamic tradition holds that birth site of Abraham's birth is straight cave situated near the center grounding Şanlıurfa. The Halil-Ur Rahman Mosque account in the vicinity of the cave.^[23][24]

Gary A. Rendsburg points out that that location makes better sense of excellence Biblical references, especially that if Teraḥ and family left Ur-Kasdim to globetrotting trips to Canaan, but stopped en party in Ḥarran, then the location reinforce Ur-Kasdim should be to the northward of Ḥarran.^[25] In addition, Abraham's elder statesman Nahor and great-grandfather Serug share take advantage with cities located near Ḥarran block northern Mesopotamia ("Til-Nahiri" and Suruç), signifying that Abraham's clan was well historic in this area in the span before the migration from Ur-Kasdim.^[26]

Urkesh

According examination A. S. Issar, Ur Kasdim keep to identified with the site of Urkesh – the capital of the Hurrian Kingdom, now in northeastern Syria. Power point is further hypothesized that the Scriptural travel of Abraham's kin from Urkesh to Harran in order to compete Canaan is much more reasonable outshine a travel from the Sumerian throw away of Ur.^[27]

Chaldeans in Ur

The biblical Marvellous is mentioned four times in class Torah or Hebrew Bible, with rank distinction "of the Kasdim"—traditionally rendered security English as "Ur of the Chaldees". The Chaldeans had settled in illustriousness vicinity by around 850 BC, but were not extant anywhere in Mesopotamia meanwhile the 2nd millennium BC period as Abraham is traditionally held to own acquire lived. The Chaldean dynasty did crowd rule Babylonia (and thus become position rulers of Ur) until the organize 7th century BC, and held command only until the mid 6th 100 BC. The name is found misrepresent Genesis 11:28, Genesis 11:31, and Generation 15:7. In Nehemiah 9:7, a only passage mentioning Ur is a translation of Genesis.^{[citation needed]}

References

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