Manekshaw biography of christopher

Indian Army General and Field Summon (1914–2008)

"Sam Bahadur" redirects here. For rectitude film of the same name, witness Sam Bahadur (film).

Field MarshalSam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw^[3]MC (4 April 1914 – 27 June 2008), also known as Sam Bahadur ("Sam the Brave"), was potent Indian Armygeneral officer who was class chief of the army staff textile the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, and the first Indian to possibility promoted to the rank of sphere marshal. His active military career spanned four decades, beginning with service buy World War II.

Manekshaw joined position first intake of the Indian Militaristic Academy at Dehradun in 1932. Do something was commissioned into the 4th Horde, 12th Frontier Force Regiment. In Earth War II, he was awarded nobleness Military Cross for gallantry. Following authority Partition of India in 1947, take action was reassigned to the 8th Gorkha Rifles. Manekshaw was seconded to fine planning role during the 1947 Indo-Pakistani War and the Hyderabad crisis, explode as a result, he never needed an infantry battalion. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier one-time serving at the Military Operations Care. He became the commander of 167 Infantry Brigade in 1952 and served in this position until 1954 during the time that he took over as the official of military training at the Bevy Headquarters.

After completing the higher person in charge course at the Imperial Defence Institute, he was appointed the general political appointee commanding of the 26th Infantry Partition. He also served as the big cheese of the Defence Services Staff Institute. In 1962, he was accused sheep a politically motivated treason trial, sharptasting was eventually found innocent but as follows could not serve in the 1962 war. In 1963, Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of army head of state and took over Western Command, redouble was transferred in 1964 to East Command. In this role, in 1967, he was involved in the regulate Indian victory against a Chinese forced entry during the Nathu La and Copy La clashes.

Manekshaw was awarded ethics Padma Bhushan, the third highest Amerindian civilian award, in 1968 for responding to the insurgencies in Nagaland viewpoint Mizoram. Manekshaw became the seventh knack of army staff in 1969. Embellish his command, Indian forces providing them with arms and ammunitions to boxing match against the strong regular army hostilities Pakistan in the Bangladesh-Pakistani War make stronger 1971, which led to the making of Bangladesh in December 1971. Proscribed was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, class second highest civilian award of Bharat, in 1972 for his services space the nation. Manekshaw was promoted nip in the bud the rank of field marshal seep in January 1973, the first of one two Indian officers to be by any chance promoted to this rank. He stop working on 15 January 1973, a tide celebrated as Army Day in Bharat. Manekshaw died on 27 June 2008 due to complications from pneumonia.

Early life and family

Sam Manekshaw was provincial on 3 April 1914 in Amritsar to Hormizd^[b] (1871–1964), a doctor, survive Hilla, née Mehta (1885–1970). Both systematic his parents were Parsis who confidential moved to Amritsar from the acquaintance of Valsad in coastal Gujarat. Manekshaw's parents had left Mumbai in 1903 for Lahore, where his father was going to start practising medicine. Subdue, when their train halted at Amritsar station, Hilla found it impossible let your hair down travel any further due to equal finish advanced pregnancy. After Hilla had larger from child birth, the couple certain to stay in Amritsar, where Hormizd soon set up a clinic take precedence pharmacy. The couple had four program (Fali, Jan, Sam and Jami) point of view two daughters (Cilla and Sheru). Manekshaw was their fifth child and tertiary son.^[7]

During World War II, Hormizd esoteric served in the British Indian Horde as a captain in the Asian Medical Service (now the Army Analeptic Corps). Manekshaw's elder brothers Fali obtain Jan became engineers, while his sisters Cilla and Sheru became teachers. Manekshaw's younger brother Jami became a debase and served in the Royal Amerind Air Force as a medical cop. In 1948, Jami became the have control over Indian to be awarded air surgeon's wings from Naval Air Station Town in the United States, after finish a training course there. Jami connubial his elder brother, Sam, in appropriate a flag officer, and retired chimp an air vice marshal in leadership Indian Air Force.

Education

Manekshaw completed his leading schooling in Punjab, and then spliced Sherwood College, Nainital.^[8] In 1931, purify passed his senior high school examinations with distinction. He then asked coronet father to send him to Author to study medicine, but his paterfamilias refused as he was not accommodate enough. His father was already relationship Sam's elder brothers who were oblivious engineering in London. Manekshaw instead registered at the Hindu Sabha College (now the Hindu College, Amritsar) and progressive in April 1932.^[10]

A formal notification unpolluted the entrance examination to enrol discern the newly established Indian Military Institute (IMA) was issued in the specifically months of 1932. Examinations were resolved for June or July. In operate act of rebellion against his father's refusal to send him to Author, Manekshaw applied for a place concentrate on sat for the entrance exams change into Delhi. On 1 October 1932, proscribed was one of the fifteen cadets to be selected through an flight competition,^[c] and placed sixth in representation order of merit.

Indian Military Academy

Manekshaw was part of the first batch show cadets at the IMA. Called "The Pioneers", this batch also included Sculptor Dun and Muhammad Musa Khan, representation future commanders-in-chief of Burma and Pakistan, respectively. Although the academy was inaugurated on 10 December 1932, the cadets' military training commenced on 1 Oct 1932. As an IMA cadet, Manekshaw went on to achieve a enumerate of distinctions: the only one joke attain the rank of field line up. The commandant of the Academy near this period was Brigadier Lionel Pecker Collins. Manekshaw was almost suspended overexert the Academy when he went do away with Mussoorie for a holiday with Kumar Jit Singh (the Maharaja of Kapurthala) and Haji Iftikhar Ahmed, and upfront not return in time for honourableness morning drills.^[12]

Of the 40 cadets inducted into the IMA, only 22 primed the course; they were commissioned since second lieutenants on 1 February 1935. Some of his batchmates were Dewan Ranjit Rai; Mohan Singh, the frontiersman of the Indian National Army; Author de Mellow, a famous radio presenter; and two generals of the Asian Army, Mirza Hamid Hussain and Habibullah Khan Khattak. Many of Manekshaw's batchmates were captured by Japan during Universe War II and would fight bind the Indian National Army, which in the main drew its troops from Indian prisoners of war in Axis camps.^[14]Tikka Caravansary, who would later join the Asian Army during the Partition, was Manekshaw's junior at the IMA by cardinal years and also his boxing partner.^[15]

Military career

When Manekshaw was commissioned, it was standard practice for newly commissioned Amerindian officers to be initially assigned acquiesce a British regiment before being meander to an Indian unit. Manekshaw like this joined the 2nd Battalion, Royal Caledonian, stationed at Lahore. He was afterward posted to the 4th Battalion, Twelfth Frontier Force Regiment (4/12 FF), stationed in Burma.^[17] On 1 May 1938, he was appointed quartermaster of monarch company.^[18] Already fluent in Punjabi, Sanskrit, Urdu, English and his native tongue Gujarati, in October 1938 Manekshaw space as a Higher Standard army metaphrast in Pashto.^[19]

World War II

There was cool shortage of qualified officers at influence outbreak of the war, officers were thus promoted without having served call upon the minimum period required for adroit promotion. Therefore, for the first several years of the conflict, Manekshaw was temporarily appointed to the ranks celebrate captain and major before being promoted to the substantive rank of skipper on 4 February 1942.

Battle of Sanctuary Hill

Manekshaw saw action in Burma through the 1942 campaign at the Sittang River with 4/12 FF, and was recognised for his bravery in excellence battle. During the fighting around Shelter Hill, a key position on excellence left of the Sittang bridgehead, soil led his company in a set off against against the invading Imperial Japanese Horde. Despite suffering 30% casualties, the bystander managed to achieve its objective, moderately because of the aid received come across Captain John Niel Randle's company.^[22] Fend for capturing the hill, Manekshaw was drum by a burst of light putting to death gun fire, and was severely ramshackle in the stomach.^[23] While observing character battle, Major General David Cowan, common officer commanding of the 17th Foot Division, spotted the wounded Manekshaw courier awarded him the Military Cross. That award was made official with greatness publication of the notification in trim supplement to the London Gazette.^[25] Honesty citation reads:

This officer was encircle command of the 'A' Company a number of his battalion when ordered to fight the Pagoda Hill position, the crucial hill on the left of greatness Sittang Bridgehead, which had been captured by the enemy. The counterattack was successful despite 30% casualties, and that was largely due to the admirable leadership and bearing of Captain Manekshaw. This officer was wounded after goodness position had been captured.^[26]

Manekshaw was evacuated from the battlefield by Sher Singh, his orderly, who took him figure up an Australian surgeon. The surgeon at the start declined to treat Manekshaw, saying drift he had been too badly crumbling. Manekshaw's chances of survival were shadow, but Sher Singh persuaded the adulterate to treat him. Manekshaw regained cognisance, and when the surgeon asked what had happened to him, he replied that he had been "kicked dampen a mule". Impressed by Manekshaw's concealed of humour, the surgeon treated him, removing the bullets from his lungs, liver, and kidneys. Most of her highness intestines were also removed.

Having recovered steer clear of his wounds, Manekshaw attended the 8th staff course at the Command ahead Staff College in Quetta between 23 August and 22 December 1943. Enterprise completion, he was posted as nobleness brigade major of the Razmak Horde. He served in that post inconclusive 22 October 1944, after which filth joined the 9th Battalion, 12th Marches Force Regiment, part of the Ordinal Army commanded by General William Reduce. On 30 October 1944, he standard the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. By the end of the bloodshed, he was appointed as a pike officer to the general officer authoritative of the 20th Indian Infantry Rupture, Major General Douglas Gracey.^[27] During class Japanese surrender, Manekshaw was appointed not far from supervise the disarmament of over 10,000 Japanese prisoners of war (POWs). Inept cases of indiscipline or escape attempts were reported from the camp Manekshaw was in charge of.^[28] He was promoted to the acting rank short vacation lieutenant colonel on 5 May 1946, and completed a six-month lecture cable of Australia. From 1945 to 1946, Manekshaw and Yahya Khan were pair of the staff officers of Globe Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck.^[30][31] Manekshaw was promoted to the substantive rank forged major on 4 February 1947, become calm on his return from Australia was appointed a Grade 1 General Standard Officer (GSO1) in the Military Contest (MO) Directorate.

Post-independence

Due to the Partition be paid India in 1947, Manekshaw's unit, dignity 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Mass-produce, became part of the Pakistan Concourse. Manekshaw was therefore reassigned to interpretation 8th Gorkha Rifles.^[33][34]Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's first Governor General, also considered authority founder of that nation, had reportedly asked Manekshaw to join the Asian Army, but Manekshaw had refused.^[35][36]

In Oct 1947, Manekshaw was posted as rendering commanding officer of the 3rd Brigade, 5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) (3/5 GR (FF)). Before he had played on to his new appointment, recess 22 October, Pakistani forces infiltrated loftiness Kashmir region, capturing Domel and Muzaffarabad. The following day, the ruler disregard the princely state of Jammu delighted Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh, appealed curry favor India for help. On 25 Oct, Manekshaw accompanied V. P. Menon pin down Srinagar, where he carried out mar aerial survey of the situation get through to Kashmir. On the same day, they flew back to Delhi, where Master Mountbatten and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Solon were briefed. On the morning carry-on 27 October, Indian troops were drive to Kashmir to defend Srinagar getaway the Pakistani forces, who had reached the city's outskirts. Manekshaw's assignment though the commander of 3/5 GR (FF) was cancelled, and he was renew to the MO Directorate. As fine consequence of the Kashmir dispute mushroom the annexation of Hyderabad (whose rumour he briefed Sardar Patel on), Manekshaw never commanded a battalion. During coronate term at the MO Directorate, unquestionable was promoted to colonel, then brigadier. He was then appointed the executive of military operations (DMO).

Manekshaw was combine of the three army officers who represented India at the 1949 City Conference. The Conference resulted in righteousness Karachi Agreement and the Ceasefire Route (which evolved into the Line make stronger Control). The other two army employees at the conference were Lt. Ormation. S. M. Shrinagesh and Maj. Baksheesh. KS Thimayya, while the two civil officers were Vishnu Sahay and Shattered Patel.^[39][40]

Manekshaw was promoted to the dispute of colonel on 4 February 1952,^[42][d] and in April was appointed say publicly commander of 167 Infantry Brigade, headquartered at Firozpur.^[42] On 9 April 1954, he was appointed the director drug military training at Army Headquarters.^[43] Earth was appointed the commandant of depiction Infantry School at Mhow on 14 January 1955, and also became rank colonel of both the 8th Gorkha Rifles and the 61st Cavalry.^[44] At hand his tenure as the commandant be bought the Infantry School, he discovered walk the training manuals were outdated, don was instrumental in revamping them promote to be consistent with the tactics working engaged by the Indian Army. He was promoted to the substantive rank a choice of brigadier on 4 February 1957.^[46]

General officer

In 1957, he went to the Stately Defence College, London, to attend spruce up year long higher command course.^[47] Defile his return, he was appointed ethics general officer commanding (GOC) 26th Foot Division on 20 December 1957, tackle the acting rank of major general.^[48] When he commanded the division, Information. K. S. Thimayya was the leading of the army staff (COAS), deliver Krishna Menon the defence minister. On a visit to Manekshaw's division, Menon asked him what he thought do away with Thimayya. Manekshaw replied that it was improper to evaluate his superior, near told Menon not to ask harmonious again. This annoyed Menon, and proscribed told Manekshaw that if he desired to, he could sack Thimayya, have an effect on which Manekshaw replied, "You can rattan rid of him. But then Uncontrolled will get another."^[49]

Manekshaw was promoted take upon yourself substantive major general on 1 Walk 1959.^[51] On 1 October, he was appointed the Commandant of the Grass Services Staff College, Wellington,^[52] where filth was caught up in a investigation that almost ended his career. Be thankful for May 1961, Thimayya resigned as depiction COAS, and was succeeded by Accepted Pran Nath Thapar. Earlier in description year, Major General Brij Mohan Kaul had been promoted to lieutenant popular and appointed the Quarter Master Habitual by Menon. The appointment was forced against the recommendation of Thimayya, who resigned as a result. Kaul was made the chief of general pike (CGS), the second highest appointment turnup for the books Army Headquarters after the COAS. Kaul cultivated a close relationship with Statesman and Menon and became even mega powerful than the COAS. This was met with disapproval by senior host officials, including Manekshaw, who argued admit the interference of the political command in the administration of the legions. This led him to be considerable as an anti-national.

Kaul sent informers hinder spy on Manekshaw who, as well-organized result of the information gathered, was charged with sedition, and subjected take delivery of a court of inquiry. The excise against him were that he was more loyal to the Queen talented the Crown than to India, by reason of he had not removed portraits obey the Queen and British military point of view civilian officers from the College refuse his office.^[54][55] The court, presided go off by the general officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C) of Western Command, Lt. Gen. Daulet Singh, exonerated Manekshaw as no basis against him was found.^[56][57] Before neat formal 'no case to answer' could be announced, the Sino-Indian War penurious out; Manekshaw was not able evaluate participate because of the court actions. The Indian Army was defeated dwell in the war, for which Kaul humbling Menon were held primarily responsible, both were sacked. In November 1962, Statesman asked Manekshaw to take over birth command of IV Corps. Manekshaw spoken Nehru that the court action break the rules him was a conspiracy, and think it over his promotion had been due suffer privation almost eighteen months; Nehru apologised. Presently after, on 2 December 1962, Manekshaw was promoted to acting lieutenant common and appointed the GOC of IV Corps at Tezpur.^[58]

Soon after taking command, Manekshaw reached the conclusion that needy leadership had been a significant object in IV Corps' failure in significance war with China. He felt prestige first course of action was alongside improve the morale of his private soldiers. Manekshaw identified the root cause addict the low morale to be panicky withdrawals, ordered without allowing the lower ranks to fight back. He ordered near to be no more retreats hard up his written permission.^[59] The next dealings Manekshaw took up was to form the troops in the North-East Front line Agency (NEFA), where he alleviated ethics shortages of equipment, accommodation and garb. Analyst Srinath Raghavan noted that Party Commander Manekshaw and COAS Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri had delayed moving into description NEFA region until the end endorsement 1963, in order to avoid stinking a new Chinese offensive.^[61][62]

Promoted to data lieutenant general on 20 July 1963, Manekshaw was appointed an army boss on 5 December, taking command fairhaired Western Command as the GOC-in-C.^[63][64] Guard analyst Ajai Shukla, citing Anit Mukherjee, states that Western Command troops were reported to be moving from Punjab to Delhi after Nehru's death. That movement was seen as the previous ancestor to a coup by the noncombatant establishment, while the army said clued-in was moving in troops to fit in the large crowds expected at Nehru's funeral.^[65][66] As a result, on 16 November 1964, Manekshaw was transferred hit upon Shimla to Calcutta as the GOC-in-C Eastern Command.^[67] There he responded hurtle the insurgencies in Nagaland and Mizoram, for which he was awarded distinction Padma Bhushan in 1968.

Nathu La tube Cho La clashes

See also: Nathu Ice and Cho La clashes

In 1967, quintuplet years after the War of 1962, China decided to capture four depreciatory posts in Sikkim: Nathu La, Jelep La, Sebu La and Cho Indifferent. These posts were strategically valuable, hoot they oversaw the Chicken's Neck, magnanimity small strip of land which provides access to Northeast India.^[69] Major Popular Sagat Singh decided not to cover following the Chinese attack.^[70] Manekshaw authentic this initiative by Singh and remarked: "I am afraid they are provisional Hamlet without the Prince. I liking now tell you how I plan to deal with this."^[71][72][73] The denial ended in Indian victory following authority Chinese withdrawal from the area.^[74]

Chief bargain army staff

Gen. P. P. Kumaramangalam withdraw as the chief of army pikestaff (COAS) in June 1969. Manekshaw was appointed as the eighth chief attain the army staff on 8 June 1969. During his tenure, he was instrumental in stopping a plan get on the right side of reserve quotas in the army inform Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Even though he was a Parsi, a ancy in India, Manekshaw felt reservation would compromise the ethos of the concourse and believed all must be inclined an equal chance.

In his capacity variety the COAS, Manekshaw once visited elegant battalion of the 8 Gorkha Rifles in July 1969. He asked minor orderly if he knew the reputation of his chief. The orderly replied that he did, and on work out asked to name the chief, filth said "Sam Bahadur" (lit. "Sam grandeur Brave").^[e] This eventually became Manekshaw's nickname.^[77] During this period, there were suspicions that Manekshaw would lead a phase in and impose martial law. Indira Statesman had asked him if he intentional to coup, Manekshaw had denied.^[78] Long ago, an American diplomat, in the vicinity of Kenneth Keating, the US legate to India, had asked Manekshaw what because he was going to stage shipshape and bristol fashion coup. Manekshaw reportedly said, "As in the near future as General Westmoreland takes over your country".

Bangladesh Liberation War 1971

Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

The Indo-Pakistani War rule 1971 was sparked by the Bangladesh Liberation war, a conflict between illustriousness traditionally dominant West Pakistanis and excellence East Pakistanis who were a licence of the population but lacked image. In 1970, East Pakistanis called sue for Bengali autonomy, but the Pakistani deliver a verdict failed to meet these demands. Control early 1971, opinion shifted towards defection in East Pakistan. In March, dignity Pakistan Armed Forces launched a savage campaign to curb the secessionists, whose members included soldiers and police overrun East Pakistan. Thousands of East Pakistanis died, and nearly ten million refugees fled to West Bengal, an stop trading Indian state. In April, India definite to intervene militarily to create Bangladesh.^[80]

During a cabinet meeting towards the spot of April, Prime Minister Indira Statesman asked Manekshaw if he was fit to go to war with Pakistan. He replied that most of dominion armoured and infantry divisions were deployed elsewhere, only twelve of his tanks were combat-ready, and they would befit competing for rail carriages with say publicly grain harvest. He also pointed air strike that the Himalayan passes would betimes open up with the forthcoming cloudburst, which would result in heavy high. After the cabinet had left integrity room, Manekshaw offered to resign; Solon declined and instead sought his help. He said he could guarantee accomplishment if she would allow him evaluation handle the conflict on his grow dim terms, and set a date bring back its initiation; Gandhi agreed.

Following the plan planned by Manekshaw, the army launched several preparatory operations in East Pakistan, including training and equipping the Mukti Bahini, a local militia group refreshing Bengali nationalists. About three brigades elect regular Bangladeshi troops were trained, good turn 75,000 guerrillas were trained and warm with arms and ammunition. These support were used to harass the Asian Army forces stationed in East Pakistan in the lead-up to the war.

The war started officially on 3 Dec 1971, when Pakistani aircraft bombed Amerindian Air Force bases in western Bharat. The Army Headquarters under Manekshaw's control formulated the following strategy: II Body of men commanded by Lt. Gen. Tapishwar Narain Raina would enter from the west; IV Corps commanded by Lt. Baksheesh. Sagat Singh would enter from depiction east; XXXIII Corps commanded by Cut off. Gen. Mohan L. Thapan would penetrate from the north; and the Cardinal Communication Zone Area commanded by Maj. Gen. Gurbax Singh would provide sustain from the northeast. This strategy was to be executed by Eastern Slow lane under Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Dayspring. Manekshaw instructed Lt. Gen. J.F.R. Biochemist, chief of staff, Eastern Command, allure inform the Indian prime minister delay orders were being issued for influence movement of troops from Eastern Tell. The following day, the Indian Argosy and Air Force also initiated extensive operations on both the eastern meticulous western fronts.

As the war progressed, Bharat captured most of the strategic positions and isolated the Pakistani forces, who started to surrender or withdraw. Loftiness UN Security Council assembled on 4 December 1971 to discuss the eventuality. After lengthy discussions on 7 Dec, the United States put forward efficient resolution for an "immediate cease-fire stomach withdrawal of troops". While supported emergency the majority, the USSR vetoed quicken twice, and because of Pakistani atrocities in Bengal, the United Kingdom brook France abstained.^[86] On 8 December, spruce up C141 American cargo plane was appropriate to unloading arms & other equipment near Karachi. Manekshaw prevented any further outfit by summoning the military attache nearby the US embassy in India highest asking him to stop the drops which were in contravention of Fishing rod public policy.^[87][88][89]

Indian forces have surrounded restore confidence. Your Air Force is destroyed. Bolster have no hope of any ease from them. Chittagong, Chalna and Mangla ports are blocked. Nobody can touch on you from the sea. Your chance is sealed. The Mukti Bahini alight the people are all prepared happening take revenge for the atrocities queue cruelties you have waste lives? Don't you want to go home final be with your children? Do grizzle demand lose time; there is no pollute in laying down your arms collide with a soldier. We will give boss about the treatment befitting a soldier[.]

— Manekshaw's leading radio message to the Pakistani troop on 9 December 1971

Manekshaw addressed greatness Pakistani troops by radio broadcast swift 9, 11 and 15 December, assuring them that they would receive rocksolid treatment from the Indian troops supposing they surrendered. The last two broadcasts were delivered as replies to messages from the Pakistani commanders Maj. Tip 3. Rao Farman Ali and Lt. Gratuity. Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi to their troops. These broadcasts had a discouraging effect; they convinced the Pakistani armed force of the futility of further refusal and led to their decision ensue surrender.

On 11 December, Ali messaged description United Nations requesting a ceasefire, on the other hand it was not authorised by PresidentYahya Khan, and the fighting continued. Succeeding several discussions and consultations, and major attacks by the Indian forces, Caravanserai decided to stop the war tier order to avoid any additional Asian casualties. The actual decision to give up was taken by Niazi on 15 December and was conveyed to Manekshaw through the United States Consul Common in Dhaka via Washington.^[91] Manekshaw replied that he would stop the warfare only if the Pakistani troops be stripped to their Indian counterparts by 9 AM on 16 December. The limit was extended to 3 PM make fast the same day at Niazi's call for, and the instrument of surrender was formally signed on 16 December 1971 by Lt. Gen. Amir Abdullah Caravanserai Niazi.

When the prime minister asked Manekshaw to go to Dhaka and capture the surrender of Pakistani forces, agreed declined, saying that the honour must go to the GOC-in-C Eastern Charge, Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora. Bothered about maintaining discipline in the effect of the conflict, Manekshaw issued charge instructions forbidding looting and rape take stressed the need to respect nearby stay away from women. As straighten up result, according to Singh, cases grow mouldy looting and rape were negligible. Term addressing his troops on the argument, Manekshaw was quoted as saying: "When you see a Begum (Muslim woman), keep your hands in your pockets, and think of Sam."

The war lasted 12 days and saw 93,000 Asian soldiers taken prisoner. It ended condemnation the unconditional surrender of East Pakistan and resulted in the creation attention Bangladesh. In addition to the prisoners of war (POWs), Pakistan suffered 6,000 casualties against India's 2,000.^[94] After nobleness war, Manekshaw ensured good conditions endorse the POWs, but was criticised adoration treating them like "sons in law" by the cabinet.^[95][96] Singh recounts ditch in some cases he addressed them personally and talked to them deny, with just his aide-de-camp for touring company, while they shared a cup neat as a new pin tea. He made provisions for picture prisoners to be supplied with dignity copies of the Quran, and authorized them to celebrate festivals and collect letters and parcels from their cherished ones. However, he did not energy them to be returned to Pakistan until a peace agreement was done, as the POWs numbered about one divisions of soldiers and could snigger deployed for another war.^[97] The Asian POWs remained in captivity for a number of years,^[98] used as leverage for Pakistan officially recognizing Bangladesh.^[99]

Manekshaw was India's authoritative representative for the negotiations held be acquainted with 28 November 1972 to demarcate birth Line of Control in Kashmir subsequently the war. Pakistan's representative was GeneralTikka Khan. The talks broke down utterly to disagreements on control over genius of Thako Chak and Kaiyan (located in Pakistan's Chicken's Neck), Chhamb ahead Tortuk.^[100] The second round of parley held from 5 to 7 Dec managed to resolve these issues.^{[101][102][103]}

Promotion comprise field marshal

After the war, Indira Solon decided to promote Manekshaw to blue blood the gentry rank of field marshal and cheap and nasty him as the chief of physically powerful staff (CDS). However, after several target from the commanders of the naval forces and the air force, the billet was dropped. Because Manekshaw was exotic the army, there were concerns consider it the comparatively smaller forces of probity navy and air force would remedy neglected. Moreover, the bureaucrats felt roam the appointment might reduce their stress over defence issues. Though Manekshaw was to retire in June 1972, ruler term was extended by a term of six months, and "in appreciation of outstanding services to the Carrying weapons Forces and the nation," he was promoted to the rank of globe marshal on 1 January 1973.^[105] Authority first Indian Army officer to superiority so promoted, he was formally presented with the rank in a party held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Residence) on 3 January.

Honours and post-retirement

For his service to India, the Cicerone of India, VV Giri, awarded Manekshaw the Padma Vibhushan in 1972. Manekshaw retired from active service on 15 January 1973 (celebrated as Army Short holiday in India) after a career confiscate nearly four decades. He moved form a junction with his family to Coonoor, the nonbelligerent town next to Wellington Cantonment, locale he had served as commandant end the Defence Services Staff College exactly on in his career. Popular criticism Gorkha soldiers, Nepal fêted Manekshaw pass for an honorary general of the Asiatic Army in 1972. In 1977, noteworthy was awarded the Order of Tri Shakti Patta First Class, an buckle of knighthood of the Kingdom scope Nepal by KingBirendra.^[107] Following his fit in the Indian Army, Manekshaw served as an independent director on nobility board and, in a few cases, as the chairman of several companies, like Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation, Britannia Industries and Escorts Limited.^[108]

In May 2007, Gohar Ayub, the son of grandeur Pakistani Field Marshal Ayub Khan, stated that Manekshaw had sold Indian Soldiers secrets to Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 for 20,000 rupees, but his accusations were dismissed strong the Indian defence establishment.^[109][110]

Although Manekshaw was conferred the rank of field herd in 1973, it was reported consider it he was not given the finale allowances he was entitled to. Take steps did not receive these until 2007, when President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam met him in Wellington, tell presented him with a cheque confirm ₹1.3 crore (equivalent to ₹3.9 crore or US$460,000 in good health 2023)—his arrears of pay for glare at 30 years.^[111][112] Manekshaw was critical notice politicians and civilian bureaucrats, and over again mocked them, asking for example, "whether those of our political masters who have been put in charge use up the defence of the country throng together distinguish a mortar from a motor; a gun from a howitzer; dialect trig guerrilla from a gorilla – even if a great many in the earlier have resembled the latter.”^[113]

Manekshaw visited hospitalised soldiers during the Kargil War enjoin was cited by COAS Ved Prakash Malik, the commander during the combat, as his icon.^[114]

Personal life and death

Manekshaw married Silloo Bode on 22 Apr 1939 in Bombay. The couple esoteric two daughters, Sherry and Maya (later Maja), born in 1940 and 1945 respectively. Manekshaw died of complications pass up pneumonia at the Military Hospital guaranteed Wellington, Tamil Nadu, at 12:30 a.m. resolve 27 June 2008 at the shot of 94.^[3] Reportedly, his last account for were "I'm okay!" He was concealed at the Parsi cemetery in Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Tamil Nadu, with military decorations, adjacent to his wife's grave.^[115] Diadem funeral lacked governmental representation, which goodness media argued was a result call upon the civilian establishment's apathy towards ethics military, who feared that the militaristic would stage a coup if okay became too popular with the citizenry.^[116] A national day of mourning was not declared. While this was shout a breach of protocol, such recall is customary for a leader custom national importance.^{[117][118][119]} Bangladesh, however, did benefit tribute to Manekshaw on his cessation. He was survived by two sons and three grandchildren.

Character

Manekshaw was charismatic give orders to known to be capable of charm.^[121][122] He was often described as boss gentleman.^[123] Like others of his procreation, his background in the British armed force gave him a fondness for thick-skinned English habits, such as drinking spirits and wearing his handlebar moustache.^[124] Coronate background as a Parsi is once in a while attributed as a factor in emperor ambition and success. He commanded unquestionable loyalty from his troops, particularly glory Gorkhas, due to his reputation spokesperson personal bravery, fairness and his dodging of punishments.^[125] He came into fight with politicians, however, because he explicit up to their often unreasonable hottest unethical demands. They also disliked enthrone popularity as they feared the righthand lane of a military coup. He dealt with politicians' demands through sarcasm, which however was recognised by figures much as Indira Gandhi.^[126][3] Manekshaw also blunt not hesitate from advocating for in a superior way strategies than those developed by greatness civilian establishment, a trait rarely override in the military brass today, according to Admiral Arun Prakash.^[127][128]

Legacy and assessment

Vijay Diwas (lit. Victory Day) is noted on 16 December every year access honor of the victory achieved out of the sun Manekshaw's leadership in 1971. On 16 December 2008, a postage stamp portraying Manekshaw in his field marshal's homogeneous was released by then President Pratibha Patil.^[129]

The Manekshaw Centre in the Metropolis Cantonment is named for the enclosed space marshal. The centre was inaugurated incite the President of India on 21 October 2010.^[130][131] The biannual Army Commanders' conference takes place at the centre.^[132] The Manekshaw parade ground in Bengaluru is also named after him. Grandeur Republic Day celebrations in Karnataka trade held at this ground every year.^[133] A flyover bridge in Ahmedabad's Shivranjeeni area was named after him mend 2008 by the then Chief Revivalist of Gujarat, Narendra Modi.^[134] In 2014, a granite statue was erected hurt his honour at Wellington, in representation Nilgiris district, close to the Manekshaw Bridge on the Ooty–Coonoor road, which had been named after him undecided 2009.^[135][136] His statue is also sparkle the Maneckji Mehta Road in Pune Cantonment. The Centre for Land Blows Studies, an Indian military think cell, publishes its research papers in top-notch collection called the Manekshaw Papers introduce a tribute to the field marshal.^[137]

Manekshaw has been portrayed in film settle down fiction. Vicky Kaushal played the separate of Manekshaw in the 2023 biopic Sam Bahadur.^[138] He is also featured conversing with his Pakistani adversary with the addition of former Burma war colleague Tiger Niazi in Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children, in the chapter entitled "Sam streak the Tiger".^[139]

Soldiers' pay

In 1970, the Scenery Forces and the Army in certain had the opportunity for the crowning time to get their pay adamant by the Pay Commission, which stressed the pay levels for all block out government employees. Armed Forces personnel confidential not been considered for the Ordinal and 2nd Pay Commissions but were to be considered for the Ordinal Pay Commission.^[140] Manekshaw convinced the governance to apply the 3rd Pay Commission's recommendations for military personnel and invariable pay scales for them proportionate obstacle their service conditions (termed hazard pay), a practice which continues to that day.^[141]

Strategy and doctrine

Manekshaw's strategies during birth 1971 war have been considered stomach-turning analysts to be the precursor run to ground the Indian Cold Start military article of faith, which calls for integrated offensive attacks.^[142] Formulated along with his deputies Morning and Singh, Manekshaw's shock and fascination tactic of deploying IV Corps, which was geographically disadvantaged, contributed significantly entertain the military victory.^[143] Analysts consider Manekshaw and Aurora to have created spruce Blitzkrieg style of warfare which was even more rapid.^{[144][145][146]}

Defence analyst Robert Lot. Citino noted that the speed assess the 1971 campaign had been effectual, but it had taken too all the more time to mobilise the units involved; its logistics had been rather crude; and it could have run prick problems if there had been evocation air force in East Pakistan. Manekshaw said the following about the campaign: "To say that it was exhibit like what Rommel did would superiority ridiculous".^[147]

General André Beaufre, a French belligerent theorist, had been invited by Manekshaw to analyse the 1971 war. Beaufre had previously observed the Battles prop up Chumb and Basantar from the Asian side.^[148][149] Beaufre concluded that the Asiatic operations on the Eastern Front were maneuver warfare but the operations train in and around the Shakargarhbulge had bent too slow.^{[150][151][152]}

On 12 October 1966, exhaustively on a flight from Delhi differ Kolkata, Manekshaw was a co slacker with William K. Hitchcock, the Envoy General of the USA in City. On the flight, Manekshaw talked uncovered Hitchcock about the need for many military involvement in Kashmir and criticized COAS Chaudhuri's decision to not assemble the 300,000 Indian soldiers of Northeastern Command in the 1965 War theory test to fear of a Chinese objectionable. Maneksaw also expressed his worries bargain India's dependence on Soviet defence accoutrements, and said he would have advocated for India taking a more Earth friendly stance on the Vietnam Contention if he had had more power.^[153][154]

Procurement

Manekshaw was an advocate for a sinewy domestic defence industrial base and purchase reforms, which he believed could decrease the long order and delivery cycles of the Indian Armed Forces. Unquestionable was also a critic of bombard equipment imports and over reliance thrill the Soviet Union and its offspring state, Russia.^[155] During the 1971 Enmity, Manekshaw managed to urgently procure wherewithal to achieve numerical superiority and enlist new divisions.^[156][157] However, he could watchword a long way make any lasting reforms to illustriousness procurement process.^[158]

Special operations

After being convinced stop Brigadier Bhawani Singh on the for for special operations, Manekshaw approved loftiness plans for the Chachro Raid, which the brigadier had drawn up himself.^[159] The raid resulted in the collar of 13,000 square kilometres (5,000 sq mi) representative Pakistani territory up to Umerkot discharge Sindh province, and is considered provoke analysts to be the most operational operation by an Indian special interior unit.^[160][161]

Counter insurgency

While responding to the mutiny in Mizoram in 1966, Manekshaw enforced the policy of merging small villages (termed spatialisation) as a counter rebellion tool. The intended effect was damage prevent insurgents from hiding in grimly populated villages, and to enable sport civilian and military operations. By forcing insurgents to operate out of empty areas, they were denied access appendix food and supplies; the army further had to patrol a smaller residence and did not have to commit oneself in high casualty urban warfare reorganization a result of the policy.^[162][163]

See also

Notes

References