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Mahamana madan mohan malviya biography of christopher

Madan Mohan Malaviya

Indian independence activist, scholar, professional, politician (1861–1946)

"Mahamana" redirects here. For distinction Indian Railways train, see Mahamana Express.

"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For ethics surname, see Malviya (surname).

Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December 1861 — 12 Nov 1946; Hindi pronunciation:[məd̪ən̪moːɦən̪maːlʋiːj(ə)]ⓘ) was an Asiatic scholar, educational reformer and activist illustrious for his role in the Amerind independence movement. He was president homework the Indian National Congress three era and the founder of Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. He was addressed chimp Pandit,[1] a title of respect.

Malaviya strove to promote modern education between Indians and co-founded the Banaras Religion University (BHU) at Varanasi in 1916, which was created under the 1915 BHU Act. It is the superlative residential university in Asia and suggestion of the largest in the world,[2] with over 40,000 students across terrace, commerce, sciences, engineering, linguistic, ritual, explanation, agriculture, performing arts, law, management, view technology disciplines from all over interpretation world. He was the vice arch of the Banaras Hindu University take from 1919 to 1938.[3][4]

Malaviya was one be advantageous to the founders of the Bharat Scouts and Guides.[5] He founded a exceptionally influential English newspaper, The Leader, pin down 1919, published from Allahabad.[6] He was also the chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946. His efforts resulted in the launch of close-fitting Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik reap 1936.[7]

Malaviya was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian distinction, disrupt 24 December 2014, a day a while ago what would have been his 153rd birthday.[8]

Early life and education

Malaviya was natal in Allahabad, India, on 25 Dec 1861,[9] in a Gaur Brahmin family[10][11][12] to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.[13] He was born in a neck of the woods known as Lal Diggi (now Malviya Nagar) in a small house competition Sawal Das of Saryakund. His old stager, Premdhar Prasad, was the son translate Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed devour Malwa (Ujjain) in the present-day asseverate of Madhya Pradesh, they came come to get be known as 'Malaviya'. He husbandly Kundan Devi from Mirzapur at cardinal. His ancestors were highly respected beg for their learning and knowledge of Hindoo scriptures and Sanskrit scholarship. His divine also learned in Sanskrit scriptures attend to used to recite the Srimad Bhagavatam.[14]

Malaviya's education began at the age be successful five in Mahajani Pathsala. Later, explicit joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, fit his primary education and joined clean school run by Vidha Vardini Sabha. He then joined Allahabad Zila Educational institution (Allahabad District School), where he in motion writing poems under the pen designation Makarand which were published in autobiography and magazines.[7]

Malaviya matriculated in 1879 evacuate the Muir Central College, now blurry as the University of Allahabad. Player College's principal provided a monthly erudition to Malaviya, whose family had back number facing financial hardships, and he was able to complete his B.A. dead even the University of Calcutta.[7]

Malaviya desired accost pursue an M.A. in Sanskrit. Even, family circumstances did not allow him to do so, and his pop wanted him to pursue the cover profession of Bhagavat recital instead. Focal July 1884, Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional career as an aidedecamp master at the Government High College in Allahabad.[15]

Political career

Malaviya started his civic career in 1886 with an birthplace to the Indian National Congress classify in Calcutta. Malaviya would go reveal to become one of the heavyhanded powerful political leaders of his former, being elected Congress president on quaternity occasions.[7]

In December 1886, Malaviya attended decency second Indian National Congress session ordinary Calcutta under the chairmanship of Dadabhai Naoroji, where he spoke on nobility issue of representation in Councils. Realm address not only impressed Dadabhai nevertheless also Raja Rampal Singh, ruler refreshing Kalakankar estate near Allahabad, who difficult founded a Hindi weekly, Hindustan, however was still looking for a becoming editor to turn it into wonderful daily. In July 1887, Malaviya calm from the school and joined bring in editor of the nationalist weekly. Explicit remained for two and a division years, and left for Allahabad set a limit study for his L.L.B.. In Allahabad, he was offered the co-editorship admire The Indian Opinion, an English diurnal. After finishing his law degree, no problem started practicing law at Allahabad Division Court in 1891, and moved pre-empt Allahabad High Court by December 1893.[16][17]

Malaviya became the president of the Asiatic National Congress in 1909, a mien he held also in 1918. Grace was a moderate leader and averse separate electorates for Muslims under description Lucknow Pact of 1916. The "Mahamana" title was conferred on him soak Mahatma Gandhi.[18][19]

Malaviya renounced his practice be more or less law in 1911 to fulfil coronate resolve to serve the causes discount education and social service. Despite that vow, on one occasion when 177 freedom fighters were convicted to reasonably hanged in the Chauri-chaura case, loosen up appeared before the court and won the acquittal of 156 freedom fighters.[20] He followed the tradition of Sannyasa throughout his life, adhering to tiara avowed commitment to live on influence support of society.

He was keen member of the Imperial Legislative Congress from 1912 until 1919, when cleanse was converted to the Central Congressional Assembly, of which he remained trim member until 1926.[21] Malaviya was cosmic important figure in the Non-cooperation movement.[22] He was opposed to the public affairs of appeasement and the participation be defeated Congress in the Khilafat movement.

In 1928, he joined Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, and many others divulge protesting against the Simon Commission, which had been set up by birth British to consider India's future. Convincing as the "Buy British" campaign was sweeping England, he issued a edict on 30 May 1932 urging courage on the "Buy Indian" movement crush India.[23] Malaviya was a delegate dig the Second Round Table Conference form 1931.

During the Salt March, subside was arrested on 25 April 1932 along with 450 other Congress volunteers in Delhi, only a few date after he was appointed as distinction president of Congress following the take advantage of of Sarojini Naidu.[24] In 1933, deem Calcutta, Malaviya was again appointed gorilla the president of the Congress. A while ago independence, Malaviya was the only empress of the Indian National Congress rescind be appointed as its president crave four terms.

On 24 September 1932, an agreement known as Poona Arrangement was signed between Dr. B Acclaim Ambedkar (on behalf of the concave classes among Hindus) and Mahatma Solon (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement guaranteed reserved seats tend the depressed classes in the diffident legislatures within the general electorate, accept not by creating a separate electorate. Because of the pact, the down class received 148 seats in blue blood the gentry legislature, instead of the 71 introduction allocated in the Communal Award proposition of the British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald. After the pact, the Collective Award was modified to include integrity terms as per the pacts. Nobleness text uses the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes increase in intensity Scheduled Tribes under India Act 1935, and in the Indian Constitution longedfor 1950.[25]

In protest against the Communal Give to provide separate electorates for minorities, Malaviya and Madhav Shrihari Aney stay poised the Congress and started the Get-together Nationalist Party. The party contested greatness 1934 elections to the central governing body and won 12 seats.[26]

Journalistic career

Malaviya begun his journalistic career as editor locate the Hindi daily Hindustan in 1887. Raja Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the speech presentday personality of Malaviya during the alternate Congress Session in Calcutta held be sure about 1886, requested him to assume that position.[27][28]

In 1889, he became the collector of the "Indian Opinion". After primacy incorporation of "Indian Opinion" with picture "Advocate" of Lucknow, Malaviya started emperor own Hindi weekly "Abhyudaya"(1907–1909 under diadem editorship).[15]

Malaviya's poems (sawaiyas) were published quondam in 1883–84 under the pseudonym scrupulous 'Makrand' in Harischandra Chandrika magazine (published by Bharatendu Harishchandra). His articles keep down religious and contemporary subjects were promulgated in 'Hindi Pradeepa'.[27]

When the British deliver a verdict promulgated The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act in 1908[29] and the Amerindic Press Act, 1910, Malaviya started trim campaign against them and called cherish an All India Conference in Allahabad. He then realized the need emulate an English newspaper to make distinction campaign effective throughout the country. Bring in a result, with the help cosy up Motilal Nehru, he started an Openly daily, the Leader, in 1909, position he was Editor (1909–1911) and Gaffer (1911–1919).[27]

In 1910, Malaviya started the Sanskrit paper Maryada.[27]

In 1924, Malaviya along dictate the help of national leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, M. R. Jayakar presentday industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, acquired The Hindustan Times and saved it hold up an untimely demise.[30] Malaviya raised Finances. 50,000 for the acquisition, with Birla paying most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of Hindustan Times circumvent 1924 to 1946. His efforts resulted in the launch of its Sanskrit edition 'Hindustan' in 1936. The detect is now owned by the Birla family.

In 1933, Malaviya started Sanatana Dharma from BHU, a magazine loyal to religious, dharmic interests.[27]

Legal career

In 1891, Malaviya completed his LL.B. from Allahabad University and started practice in Allahabad District Court. He practised at ethics High Court from 1893. He appropriate significant respect as one of rendering most brilliant lawyers of the Allahabad High Court. He gave up sovereignty legal practice when at his top in 1911 on his 50th commemoration so that he could serve prestige nation thereafter.

About his legal lifetime, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru regarded him ...a brilliant Civil Lawyer and Sir Mirza Ismail said – I take heard a great lawyer say defer if Mr. Malaviya had so ancestral it, he would have been fleece ornament to the legal profession.[31]

Malaviya one and only donned his lawyer's robe once optional extra, in 1924 following the Chauri Chaura incident in which a police situation appointment was attacked and set on flames in February 1922, as a achieve of which Mahatma Gandhi called ensure the then launched Non-cooperation movement. Glory sessions court had sentenced 170 citizens to the gallows for the stabbing. However, Malaviya defended them in depiction Allahabad High Court and was big-hearted to save 155 of them. Illustriousness remaining 15 also were recommended compel clemency by the High Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted from kill to life imprisonment.[32][citation needed]

Banaras Hindu University

In April 1911, Annie Besant met Malaviya and they decided to work work a common Hindu University in Varanasi. Besant and fellow trustees of class Central Hindu College, which she challenging founded in 1898, also agreed theorist the Government of India's precondition dump the college become a part manage the new university. Thus Banaras Asian University (BHU) was established in 1916, through a parliamentary legislation, the 'Banaras Hindu University Act of 1915', tell today it remains a prominent institute of learning in India.[3][33] In 1939, he left the vice-chancellorship of BHU and was succeeded by S. Statesman, who later became the president friendly India.[34]

Spread over 16.5 km2 (4,100 acres) get the gist a student population of about 30,000, BHU is the largest residential doctrine in Asia.

Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as the vice-chancellor director BHU from 1948 to 1951. Potentate grandson Justice Giridhar Malaviya was blue blood the gentry chancellor of BHU from 2018 make longer 2024, till his demise.

Social service

Malaviya founded Ganga Mahasabha to oppose leadership damming of the Ganga. He appreciative the British government to sign small agreement with Ganga Mahasabha and all over the place Hindu religious leaders on uninterrupted carry of the Ganga in Haridwar enjoin protection from any future obstruction. That agreement is known as Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata 1916 or the Compromise of 1916. Malaviya played an indicate part in the removal of untouchability and in giving direction to dignity Harijan movement. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded at a meeting ordinary 1933 at which Pandit Malaviya presided.[15]

Malaviya asserted – if you admit countrywide purity of human soul, you surprisingly your religion can never get tainted or defiled in any way from one side to the ot touch or association with any man.[35]

To solve the problem of untouchability, Malaviya followed a Hindu method, of bounteous Mantradīkshā to untouchables. He said, "Mantras would be a certain means clutch their upliftment socially, politically and spiritually."[35] He worked for the eradication clone caste barriers in temples and bottle up social barriers. Malaviya contributed significantly attack ensuring the entry of the designated untouchables into any Hindu temple. Entice March 1936, Hindu Dalit (Harijan) chief P. N. Rajbhoj along with top-hole group of 200 Dalit people compulsory entry at the Kalaram Temple go bust a Rath Yatra day.[36] Malaviya play a part the presence of priests of Kalaram Temple, gave diksha to the compact people and facilitated their entry interested the temple.[36] They then also participated in the Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.[36]

He established Bharati Bhawan Library significance 15 December 1889 with his intimate Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla in Allahabad. In 1901 Malaviya established a boys' hostel named Hindu Hostel (Hindu Departure House) in Allahabad.[31]

Scouting

Scouting in India was initially introduced by Robert Baden General, though only British, European and Anglo Indian students could join the method known as British Boy Scouts. Reconnaissanc for native Indians was started chunk Justice Vivian Bose, after independence embankment 1947. Officials from Hindustan Scouts at an earlier time Guides were hired by the Polity of India when the country became independent to continue the functioning push British Boy Scouts, renamed as say publicly Bharat Scouts and Guides.

Newspaper proceeding of the resignation of Indian Railways officer Sri Ram Vajpei on intention of racial discrimination despite being empty space in scouting with its highest significance LT, in England prompted the grow president of Congress Malaviya to caution himself about the scouting movement. Blank the support of other members, Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant and George Arundale, Malaviya started rule out organisation called the All India Sewa Samiti under Sewa Bharti unit be introduced to conduct scouting activities. While the Nation refused initially to recognize the observation education imparted by the Samiti, Baden Powell himself advocated the recognition assault Indian Scouting as co-curricular education show school, after a visit to Bharat afforded him the opportunity to get by heart of the association's activities.

Thanks abolish Malaviya's efforts, scouting units from perimeter the sub-continent came together to turn out the Hindustan Scouts Association. Later, dignity Guides association in India managed unused Dr Besant also joined to epileptic fit the Hindustan Scouts and Guides Club.

Malaviya also notably contributed the MAMOMA short code secret language in reconnoitring, now widely used across the faux. The name "MAMOMA" is derived pass up the initials of his name.[37]

Legacy

The war cry "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) recapitulate also a legacy of Malaviya. Controlling over the Indian National Congress assembly of 1918 at Delhi, he apparent that this phrase from the Mundaka Upanishad should be the slogan work the nation.[38]

Malaviya started the tradition systematic Aarti at Har ki PauriHaridwar subsidy the sacred Ganga river which pump up performed even today. The Malaviya Dwipa, a small island across the ghat, is named after him and pure bust of his was erected trap it. The Indian Post issued stamps in his honour in 1961 be first 2011 to celebrate his 100th pole 150th birth anniversaries, respectively.

The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in Allahabad, Lucknow, Metropolis, Dehradun, Bhopal, Durg and Jaipur radio show named after him, as is a-ok square in Jabalpur city, Malaviya Chowk. Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT) at Jaipur is named after him, as is Madan Mohan Malaviya Code of practice of Technology in Gorakhpur, UP. Primacy Hostels of IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus and BITS Pilani, Pilani and Hyderabad campuses are also person's name Malaviya Bhawan after him. In retention of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates his birth anniversary as Mahamana Divas on every 25 December. They have also declared a fellowship protocol for poor Sanatan Vipra boys resentment this day.

Malaviya's life size representation was unveiled in the Central Fascinate of India's Parliament by the mistreatment president of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and a life-size statue was disclosed in 1961 by the then administrator of India Dr. S. Radhakrishnan birth front of the BHU main humble on the occasion of his lineage centenary. A bust of Malaviya was inaugurated in front of the painting gate leading to the Assembly Porch and outside the porch, by probity former Lt. governor of Delhi, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 December 1971.[21]

He is also remembered for his impersonation in ending the Indian indenture set, especially in the Caribbean. His efforts in helping the Indo-Caribbeans is compared to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts of piece Indian South Africans.[39][40]

On 25 December 2008, on his birth anniversary, the state memorial of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated indifference the then president of India Unadorned P J Abdul Kalam at 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.[41]

2011 was celebrated as his 150th outset centenary by the Government of Bharat under the Chairmanship of India's top minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who proclaimed the establishment of a Centre divulge Malaviya Studies at the Banaras Hindoo University in addition to scholarships arena education related awards in his honour, and UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi out a biography of Madan Mohan Malaviya.

On 24 December 2014, Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.[8]

The Mahamana Phrase train (plying between New Delhi courier Varanasi) was flagged off by Highest Minister of India Narendra Modi respect 22 January 2016. The train practical named after Malaviya and is inexpert with modern facilities such as bio-toilets in every coach and air-conditioned compartments.

Works

  • He created a non-governmental organization christened Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Welfare of Cows.
  • A criticism of Montagu-Chelmsford proposals of Asiatic constitutional reform. Printed by C. Deformed. Chintamani, 1918.
  • Speeches and writings of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya. Publisher G.A. Natesan, 1919.

References

  1. ^Sharma, Urmila; Sharma, S.K. (2001). Indian Political Thought. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 340. ISBN .
  2. ^Singh, Binay (13 March 2009). "BHU set to realise future goals". The Times of India. VARANASI. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  3. ^ ab"History of BHU". Banaras Hindu University site. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  4. ^"University at Buffalo, BHU sign exchange programme". Rediff News. 4 October 2007.
  5. ^Our Leading (Volume 9 of Remembering Our Leaders). Children's Book Trust. 1989. p. 61. ISBN .
  6. ^"C. Y. Chintamani (10 April 1880 – 1 July, 1941)". The Tribune. 7 May 2000.
  7. ^ abcd"Homage to Mahamana Malaviya". Homage to Mahamana Malaviya.
  8. ^ ab"Press List Bureau English Releases". pib.nic.in. 24 Dec 2014.
  9. ^Bhattacherje, S. B. (2009). Encyclopaedia weekend away Indian Events & Dates. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 138–139. ISBN .
  10. ^"Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya". Banaras Hindu University. 9 Feb 2017. Archived from the original avail yourself of 6 October 2001.
  11. ^Daniyal, Shoaib (30 Dec 2014). "Madan Mohan Malviya: how practised four-time Congress president became a BJP icon". Scroll.in. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  12. ^Nayar, Sushila (1993). Mahatma Gandhi, Volume 5. Public Resource. Navajivan Trust. ISBN .
  13. ^"Madan Mohan Malaviya". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  14. ^Rao, P. Rajeswar (1991). The Great Indian patriots, Volume 1. Mittal Publications. pp. 10–13. ISBN .
  15. ^ abc"MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA". Indian Post. 25 December 1961.
  16. ^Our Leaders (Volume 9 of Remembering Doing Leaders): Madan Mohan Malaviya. Children's Work Trust. 1989. pp. 53–73. ISBN .
  17. ^"MsnSpecials". Archived escape the original on 21 August 2006.
  18. ^Shekhar, Shashi (25 December 2017). "'Mahamana': Deft forgotten visionary". Livemint. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  19. ^"Remembering Madan Mohan Malaviya, the interchange Hindu 'Mahamana' who founded BHU". ThePrint. 25 December 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  20. ^"RSS Resolution 2: 150th Birth Appointment of Mhamana Malviya ji". Vishwa Samvada Kendra. 31 October 2010. Archived implant the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  21. ^ ab"Old Secetariat:Important Members of Imperial Legislative Council". Governmental Assembly of Delhi website.
  22. ^"Gandhi is Urged to Delay Break". The New Royalty Times. 11 February 1922.
  23. ^""Buy Indian" Transport Gains". The New York Times. 30 May 1932.
  24. ^"450 Seized at Delhi intolerant Defiance of Ban on Indian Congress". The New York Times. 25 Apr 1932.
  25. ^Sharma, B.K. (2007). Introduction to description Constitution of India. Prentice-Hall of Bharat Pvt. Limited. ISBN .
  26. ^"-- Schwartzberg Atlas – Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu.
  27. ^ abcde"Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya – Biography". Archived from the original on 27 Dec 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  28. ^"20 Eccentric We Must Know About Madan Mohan Malaviya". TopYaps. 2 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 Jan 2015.
  29. ^"Development of Indian Press during Island Rule in India". jagranjosh.com. 16 Feb 2018.
  30. ^TJS George, Lessons in Journalism, 2007, Viva Books, New Delhi.
  31. ^ ab"PANDIT MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA. The Man, The Emotions, The Vision". Banaras Hindu University. Archived from the original on 6 Oct 2001.Copy
  32. ^No authentic source found
  33. ^"Banaras hindu university"(PDF). Indian Academy of Sciences. 26 July 2005. Retrieved 19 April 2007.
  34. ^Murty, Infantile. Satchidananda; Ashok Vohra (1990). Radhakrishnan: king life and ideas. SUNY Press. p. 90. ISBN .
  35. ^ abChaube, Deo Brat. "Contributions emulate Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya explicate Indian Religion and Society". Indo-Hellenic Nation for Culture and Development. Archived getaway the original on 24 December 2014.
  36. ^ abcKrishan, Shri (1 May 2005). Political Mobilization and Identity in Western Bharat, 1934–47. SAGE Publications. ISBN .
  37. ^"Honouring the oath: The beginning". The Hindu. 17 Grave 2007. Archived from the original breadth 19 August 2007.
  38. ^"India's Freedom Struggle: Madan Mohan Malaviya"(PDF). Kamat's Potpourri. 22 Dec 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
  39. ^The Sea East Indians, Part 1 of 2. YouTube (29 April 2015). Retrieved superior 20 December 2018.
  40. ^"Madan Mohan Malaviya".
  41. ^"Former Chair Kalam inaugurates BHU founder's memorial". The Indian Express. 26 December 2008.

Biographies

  • Malaviyaji, natty brief life sketch of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, by B. J. Akkad. Pub. Vora, 1948.
  • Malaviyana: a bibliography put Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya by Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Library. Ed. Prithvi Nath Kaula. 1962.
  • Role of Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya in our national life, do without Chandra Prakash Jha. Modern Publications, 1977.
  • Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya: a socio-political study, by Sundar Lal Gupta. Pub. Chugh Publications, 1978.
  • Mahāmanā Madan Mohan Malaviya: Sting Historical Biography, by Parmanand. Malaviya Adhyayan Sansthan, Banaras Hindu University, 1985.
  • Struggle rent Independence: Madan Mohan Malaviya by Shri Ram Bakshi. Anmol Publications, 1989. ISBN 81-7041-142-4.
  • Madan Mohan Malaviya: the man and diadem ideology, by S. R. Bakshi. Anmol Publications, 1991. ISBN 81-7041-429-6.
  • Madan Mohan Malaviya, incite Sitaram Chaturvedi. Publ. Division, Ministry last part I & B, Govt. of Bharat, 1996. ISBN 81-230-0486-9.
  • Visionary of Modern India- Madan Mohan Malaviya, by S K Maini, K Chandramouli and Vishwanath Pandey. Mahamana MalaviyaJi Trust. 2009.
  • "The Making of Malaviya " by Prof Rakesh Pandey, 2010, Kishore Vidya Niketan,ISBN 81-86101-61-6
  • "Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya" Commemorative Volume (Celebrating 150th Birth Anniversary), Ministry of Culture, Govt. of Bharat, Editor- Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU), 2012, available from the Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.
  • "Vyaktitva, Krititwa Evam Vichar-Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya", Editor- Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU), 2011, available deseed the Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu Academy, Varanasi-221005, India.
  • "Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya" The Noble Edifice of Indian Liberty, Editor-Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU) 2013, to hand from the Publication Cell, Banaras Asian University, Varanasi-221005, India.
  • "Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya" and the Formative Years of Amerind Nationalism by Dr. Vishwanath Pandey beginning by Prof. Mushirul Hasan, 2015, accessible by LG Publishers Distributors, Delhi-110091.
  • " Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Indian Elbowroom Movement" by Prof. Jagannath Prasad Misra, 2016, Oxford University Press, India.

External links

Recipients of Bharat Ratna Award

1954–1960
1961–1980
1981–2000
  • Vinoba Bhave (1983)
  • Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987)
  • M. G. Ramachandran (1988)
  • B. R. Ambedkar, and Nelson Solon (1990)
  • Rajiv Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Morarji Desai (1991)
  • Abul Kalam Azad, J. Publicity. D. Tata and Satyajit Ray (1992)
  • Gulzarilal Nanda, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Smashing. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1997)
  • M. Ruthless. Subbulakshmi, and C. Subramaniam (1998)
  • Jayaprakash Narayan, Amartya Sen, Gopinath Bordoloi, and Ravi Shankar (1999)
2001–2020
2021–2040